The deeper, more inescapable force is climate change: a slow, uneven, and increasingly visible transformation of where grapes can ripen, how wines taste, and whether many classic regions can remain stylistically coherent. In regions such as Rioja, higher-altitude vineyards are increasingly vital; they retain more humidity and cooler temperatures, allowing growers to harvest later and preserve acidity and structure (Wine Spectator, 2024).
Tannins from oak barrels that flavor wine are ‘fingerprinted’ by researchers
A team led by Penn State scientists has developed a way to chemically characterize and identify individual tannins — water-soluble compounds found in both wood and grape skins — in wine that come from oak barrels and contribute to its flavor profile.



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